Determianation of chemical composition, gas production and in vitro fermentation parameters of tomato pulp and pistachio hull treated by Pleurotus sajor cajo

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 MS.c graduated, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.

2 Associate Professor, department of animal science, faculty of agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.

3 Assistant Professor, department of plant protection, faculty of agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.

4 Assistant Professor, department of animal science, faculty of agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.

Abstract

This study was carried out to assess the nutritional value of tomato pulp (TP) and pistachio hull (PH) treated by pleurotus sajor cajo fungi. The treatments for TP were control (not incubated), positive control (incubated without inoculation), treated with mycelium and treated with spawn, and for PH were control (not incubated), positive control (incubated without inoculation) and treated with spawn. Twenty five grams per each two above-mentioned samples and three replicates of each treatments were poured into the glass flask and after sterilizing were kept inside an incubator at 25 °C for three weeks. Data were analyzed based on a completely randomized design. Dry matter, ash and crude protein concentrations from TP were 95.27, 2.40 and 12.81 percent and from PH were 94.63, 9.33 and 7.81 percent, respectively. Processing with fungi led to increase these components in both of two samples (P<0.05). Phenolic compounds of PH decreased due to treatment with fungi (P<0.05). In TP treated, comparing to control, gas production after 24 hours incubation, apparent in vitro dry matter digestibility and true in vitro organic matter digestibility reduced (P<0.05). Wheras, no changes were observed in PH, due to processing. In TP treated with spawn, compared with control group, the potential of gas production decreased (P<0.05). Overally, the results of this study showed that the nutritional value of tomato pulp and pistachio hull were not increased desirably by pleurotus sajor cajo treatment.
This study was carried out to assess the nutritional value of tomato pulp (TP) and pistachio hull (PH) treated by pleurotussajorcajo fungi. The treatments for TP were control (not incubated), positive control (incubated without inoculation), treated with mycelium and treated with spawn, and for PH were control (not incubated), positive control (incubated without inoculation) and treated with spawn. Twenty five grams per each two above-mentioned samples and three replicates of each treatments were poured into the glass flask and after sterilizing were kept inside an incubator at 25 °C for three weeks. Data were analyzed based on a completely randomized design. Dry matter, ash and crude protein concentrations from TP were 95.27, 2.40 and 12.81 percent and from PH were 94.63, 9.33 and 7.81 percent, respectively. Processing with fungi led to increase these components in both of two samples (P<0.05). Phenolic compounds of PH decreased due to treatment with fungi (P<0.05). In TP treated, comparing to control, gas production after 24 hours incubation, apparent in vitro dry matter digestibility and true in vitro organic matter digestibility reduced (P<0.05). Wheras, no changes were observed in PH, due to processing. In TP treated with spawn, compared with control group, the potential of gas production decreased (P<0.05). Overally, the results of this study showed that the nutritional value of tomato pulp and pistachio hull were not increased desirably by pleurotussajorcajo treatment.

Keywords

Main Subjects


Adenipekun C. O. and Fasidi I. O. 2005. Degradation of selected agricultural wastes by Pleurotus tuber-regium and Lentinus-Nigerian edible mushrooms. Advances in Food Science, 27:61-64.
Akinfemi A. 2010. Bioconversion of peanut husk with white rot fungi: pleurotus ostreatus and pleurotus pulmonariud. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 22: 3.
 Akinfemi A. 2012. Upgrading of sugarcane bagasse by solid state fermentation with pleurotus sajor caju and pleurotus floridaand the impaction the chemical composition and in vitro digestibility. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 28:603-611.
 Akinfemi A., Babayemi O. J. and Jonathan S. G. 2009. Bioconversion of maize husk into value added ruminant feed by using white-rot fungus. Revista Científica Agrícola. 9(4): 972-978.
Akinyele B. J., Olaniyi O. O. and Arotupin D. J. 2011. Bioconversion of Selected Agricultural Wastes and Associated Enzymes by Volvariella volvacea: An Edible Mushroom. Research Journal of Microbiology, 6: 63-70.
AOAC. 1990. Official Methods of Analysis. Vol. І (or Vol. ІІ).15th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA.
Babayemi O. J., Demeyer D. and Fievez V. 2004. In vitro rumen fermentation of tropical browse seeds in relation to their content of secondary metabolites. Journal of Animal and Feed Science, 13(1): 31–34.
Begum M. F. and Alimon A. R. 2013. Nutritional quality enrichment of rice straw using Pleurotus sajor caju (Fr.) Singer and Micro-Filamentous Fungi, Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 42(2):333-341.
Belewu M.A. 2006. Conversion of masonia tree sawdust and cotton plant by product into feed by white rot fungus (pleurotus sajor caju. African. Journal of Biotechnology,5(6):503-504.
Besharati M. and Taghizadeh A. 2008. Evaluation of some by-products using in situ and in vitro gas production techniques. American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 3(1): 7-12.
Blummel M. and Orskov E. R. 1993. Composition of in vitro gas production and nylon bag degradability of roughages in predicting food intake in cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 40:109-119.
Dehority B. A. 2003. Rumen microbiology. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, Uk.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), 2008. Website: http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault. aspx?PageID=567#ancor.
Fazaeli H. 2005. Determination of the digestibility and voluntary intake of diet containing different proportions of dried pistachio by- products. Animal Science Research Institute, Karaj (In Farsi).
Fazaeli H. 2007. Nutritive value index of treated wheat straw with pleurotus fungi. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 23(5-6): 169-180.
Fazaeli H.,  Azizi A., Mirhadi S. A.  and Mahmoudzadeh H. 2001. Mycelial running of six species of  Pleurotus fungi in three different substrates. Proceedings of the Second Iranian Biotechnology Conference. pp. 821- 829.
Fazaeli, H., BonakdarpourKhan B. and Vahabzadeh F. 1999. A study on the effect of Pleurotus sajur-caju fungi on the nutritive value of sugar cane baggas. Animal Science Congress of Iran.Pp: 2325-2329. (In Farsi).
Getachew G., Robinson P. H., Depeters E. J. and Taylor S. J. 2004. Relationships between chemical composition dry matter degradation and in vitro gas production of several ruminant feeds. Animal Feed Science Technology, 111: 57-51
Groot J. C. J., Cone J. W., Williams B. A., Debersaques F. M. A. and Lantinga E. A. 1996. Multi phasic analysis of gas production kinetics for in vitro fermentation of ruminant feeds. Animal Feed Science Technology, 64: 77–89.
Jalc D., Nerud F., Zitnan R. and Siroka P. 1996. The effect of white-rot basidiomycetes on chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of wheat straw. Folica Microbiology, 41: 73-75.
Jalc D., Nerund F. and Siroka P. 1998. The effectiveness of biological treatment on wheat straw by white-rot fungi. Folica Microbiology, 43(6): 687-689.
Jalc D., Siroka P. and Cerensnakovo Z. 1997. Effect of six species of white – rote basidiomycetes on the chemical composition and rumen degradability of wheat straw. The Journal of General and Applied Microbiology, 43:133–137.
Karimi E., Oskoueian E., Hendra R. and Jaafar H. Z. 2010. Solid state fermentation effects on pistachio hulls antioxidant activities. Presented in the 3rd international conference for value added agricultural products (3rd Fermentation Research Center for Value Added Agricultural Products Conference).15(5): 2553.
Kaur K., Wadhwa M. and Bakshi M. P. S. 2010. Nutritional evaluation of pleurotus florida harvested spent wheat-rice straw based diets in goats, Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 80: 906-909.
Lena G. D., Vivanti V. and Quaglia C. B. 1997. Improving the nutritional value of wheat bran by a white-rot fungus. Food Science and Technology, 32: 513-519.
Makkar H. P. S. 2005. In vitro gas methods for evaluation of feeds containing phytochemicals. Animal Feed Science and Technology, (123-124): 291-302.
Makkar H. P. S. and Singh B. 1992. Effect of wood ash on tannin content of oak (quercusincana) leaves. Bio resource Technology, 41:85–86.
Makkar, H. P. S. 2010. In vitro screening of feed resources for efficiency of microbial protein synthesis. In: Vercoe, P.E., Makkar, H. P. S., Schlink, A. C. (Eds.), In vitro screening of plant resources for extra-nutritional attributes in ruminants: Nuclear and related methodologies. IAEA, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, pp. 107–144.
Martin S. 2002. Tropical Topics. An Interpretive Newsletter for The Tourism Industry. No.72.
McDonald P., Edwards A. R., Greenhalp J. F. D. and Morgan C. A. 2002. Animal Nutrition. (6th Ed), Prentice Hall, London.
Menke K. H. and Steingass H. 1988. Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Animal Research and Development, 28: 7-55.
Okano K., Kitagawa M., Sasaki Y. and Watanabe T. 2005. Conversion of Japanese red cedar (cryptomeria japonica) into a feed for ruminants by white-rot basidiomycetes.  Animal Feed Science and Technology, 120: 235–43.
Palmer B., Jones R.J., Wina E. and Tangendjaja B. 2000. The effect of sample drying conditions on estimates of condensed tannin and fibre content, dry matter digestibility, nitrogen digestibility and PEG binding of Calliandra calothyrsus. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 87: 29-40. 
Quimio T. H., Chang S. T. and Royse D. J. 1990. Technical guidelines for mushroom growing in the tropics. Food and Agriculture Organization Press, Rome, Italy.
Rai S.N., Walli T. K. and Gupta B. N. 1989. The chemical composition and nutritive value of rice straw after treatment with urea of Coprinus fimetarius in a solid state fermentation system. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 26:81-92.
SAS. 2001. User’s guide.SAS Institute, Cary North Carolina, USA.
Shakeri P., Riasi A., Alikhani M., Fazaeli H. and Ghorbani G. R. 2012. Effects of feeding pistachio by-products silage on growth performance, serum metabolites and urine characteristics in Holstein male calves. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, Blackwell Verlag GmbH, DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12005.
Shamim H. M., Hussain M. S. and Al-Mahin A. 2016. Soild-state fermentation of coconut coir by Pleurotus sajor caju increases the anti-oxidant properties and nutritional value. Biotechnology, 15(6): 141-147.
Shojaosadati S. A., Faraidouni R. and Madadi-Nouei A. 1999. Protein enrichment of lignocellulosic substrates by solid state fermentation using neurospora sitophila. Conservation and Recycling, 27: 73-78.
Shrivastava B., Thakur S., Khasa Y. P., Gupte A., Puniya A. K. and Kuhad R. C. 2011. White rot fungal conversion of wheat straw to energy rich cattle feed. Biodegradation, 22: 823–831.
Tahmasbi R. and Dayani O. 2015. Feeding mixed corn plant and different levels of tomato pomace silage and its effect on performance of Holstein cows. Journal of Ruminant Research, 3(1): 71-86 (In Farsi).
Takalluzadeh M., Dayane A., Tahmasebi R. and khezri A. 2015. Determine chemical composition, physical properties and nutritional value of green walnut skin treated by Neurospora by using nylon bag and gas production..Journal of Animal Science Research, 6:248-257 (In Farsi).
Van Soest P. J., Robertson J. B. and Lewis B. A. 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74: 3583-3597.
Zadrazil F. 1980. Conversion of different plant waste in to feed by basidiomycetes. European Journal Applied Microbiology, 9: 243-248.