Effect of different dietary levels of carrot pulp on in vitro gas production, nutrients digestibility and rumen fermentation

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran

2 Ph.D Student, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran

3 Former Ph.D Student of Animal Nutrition, Khuzestan Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources University, Molasani, Ahvaz, Iran

Abstract

The aim of the present study was the determination of chemical composition and nutritive value of carrot pulp (CAP), and then evaluating the effects of its different dietary levels on diet digestibility and in vitro rumen fermentation. At first, chemical composition and nutritive value of CAP were compared with wheat straw (WS) and alfalfa. Then, the effect of substituting different levels of CAP (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 g/kg dry matter [DM]) for forage portion of the diet on in vitro fermentation parameters was assessed. The highest and lowest volume of gas production after 16 and 24 h of incubation as well as constant rate of gas production (c) were observed with incubation of CAP and WS, respectively. However, the highest volume of gas production and potential of gas production (b) were observed for alfalfa, while the lowest amount was observed with WS treatment. The highest amounts of DM and organic matter disappereance, short chain fatty acids and microbial crude protein (MCP) were observed with CAP incubation, while WS resulted in the lowest amounts. With replacing forage portion of the diet with CAP, up to 200 g/kg DM, with exception of ammnia-N concentration and MCP which decreased and increased linearly, other fermentation parameters did not affect with experimental diets. Present results indicated that CAP has favourable chemical composition and nutritive value, and its incorporation as feedstuff in ruminant nutrition, up to 20% of diet, is suggested. However, more experiments, especially in vivo studies, are needed to confirm the present results.

Keywords

Main Subjects


Anele U. Y., Yang W. Z., McGinn P. J., Tibbetts S. M. and McAllister T. A. 2016. Ruminal in vitro gas production, dry matter digestibility, methane abatement potential, and fatty acid biohydrogenation of six species of microalgae. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 96: 354-363.
Association of Official Analytical Methods. 1990. Official methods of analysis, K. Helrich, 15Th ed., AOAC, Arlington, VA.
Azizi-Shotorkhoft A., Rouzbehan Y. and Fazaeli H. 2012. The influence of the different carbohydrate sources on utilization efficiency of processed broiler litter in sheep. Livestock Science, 148: 249-254.
Bakhshi M. P. S. and Wadhwa M. 2013. Nutritional evaluation of cannery and fruit wastes as livestock feed. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 83: 1198-1202.     
Bao B. and Chang K. C. 1994. Carrot pulp chemical composition, colour and water-holding capacity as affected by blanching. Journal of Food Science, 59: 1159-1161.  
Blümmel M., Steingss H. and Becker K. 1997a. The relationship between in vitro gas production, in vitro microbial biomass yield and 15N incorporation and its implications for the prediction of voluntary feed intake of roughages. British Journal of Nutrition, 77: 911-921.
Blümmel M., Makkar H. P. S. and Becker K. 1997b. In vitro gas production: A technique revisited. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 77: 24-34.
Broderick G. and Kang J. H. 1980. Automated simultaneous determination of ammonia and total amino acids in ruminal fluid and in vitro media. Journal of Dairy Science, 63: 64-75.  
Chamberlain D. G., Robertson S. and Choung J. J. 1993. Sugars versus starch as supplements to grass silage: effects on ruminal fermentation and the supply of microbial protein to the small intestine, estimated from the urinary excretion of purine derivatives in sheep. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 63: 189-194.
El-Medany N. M., Hashem N. A. and Abdel-Azeem F. 2008. Effect of incorporating dried carrot processing waste in growing rabbit diets. Egyptian Journal of Rabbit Science, 11: 25-37.
Fazaeli H. and Frough Ameri N. 2006. Utilization of pistachio by product in the diet of finishing calves. Proceeding of the EAAP annual meeting, Antalya, Turkey. C33: 51 pp.
Getachew G., Blummel M., Makkar H. P. S. and Becker K. 1998. In vitro gas measuring techniques for assessment of nutritional quality of feeds: a review. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 72: 261-281.
Getachew G., Makkar H. P. S. and Becker K. 2002. Tropical browses: contents of phenolic compounds, in vitro gas production and stoichiometric relationship between short chain fatty acid and in vitro gas production. Journal of Agricultural Science, 139: 341-352.
Makkar H. P. S. 2010. In vitro screening of feed resources for efficiency of microbial protein synthesis. In: Vercoe P. E., Makkar H. P. S., Schlink, A. C. (Eds.), In vitro Screening of Plant Resources for Extra-nutritional Attributes in Ruminants: Nuclear and Related Methodologies. IAEA, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, pp: 107-144.
Marten G. C. and Barnes R. F. 1980. Prediction of energy digestibility of forages with in vitro rumen fermentation and fungal enzymes systems. In: Pidgen W. J., Balch C. C. and Graham M. (Eds), Standardization of analytical methodology for feeds. (pp 61-71.) International Development Research Center, Ottawa.
McDonald P., Edwards R. A., Greenhalgh J. F. D., Morgan C. A., Sinclair L. A. and Willkenson R. G. 2011. Animal Nutrition, 7th ed., Longman publisher, UK. 693 pp.
Menke K. H. and Steingass H. 1988. Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and gas production using rumen fluid. Animal Research and Development, 28: 7-55.
Morel d’Arleux F. 1990. Les Sous-Produits en Alimentation Animale. Reseau national Experimentation Demonstration (RNED), ITEB.
Moure A., Cruz M. J., Franco D., Dominguez J. M., Sineiro J., Dominguez H., Nunez M. J. and Carlos Parojo J. C. 2001. Natural antioxidants from residual sources. Food Chemistry, 72: 145-171.
National Research Council. 1989. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 6th revised edn. National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
National Research Council (NRC). 2007. Nutrient requirements of small ruminants: Sheep, Goats, Cervids, and New World Camelids. Washington (DC, USA): National Academy of Sciences.
Nawirska A. and Kwaśniewska M. 2005. Dietary fibre fractions from fruit and vegetable processing waste. Food Chemistry, 91: 221-225.
Nocolle C., Cardinault N., Aprikian O., Busserolles J., Grolier P., Rock E., Demigne C., Mazur A., Scalbert A., Amouroux P. and Remesy C. 2003. Effect of carrot intake on cholesterol metabolism and antioxidant status in cholesterol fed rats. Europian Journal of Nutrition, 42: 254-261.
Rust S. and Buskirk D. 2008. Feeding carrots or sugar beets to cattle. Cattle Call, 13: 4.
SAS. 2005. User’s Guide: Statistics, Version 9.0 Edition. SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC.
Satter L. D. and Slyter L. L. 1974. Effect of ammonia concentration on rumen microbial protein production in vitro. British Journal of Nutrition, 32: 199-208.
Schieber A., Stintzing F. C. and Carle R. 2001. By-products from plant food processing as a source of functional components-recent developments. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 12: 401-405.
Tanska M., Zedernowski R. and Konopka I. 2007. The quality of wheat bread supplemented with dried carrot pomace. Polish Journal of Natural Sicence, 22: 126-136.
Van Soest P. J., Robertson J. B. and Lewis B. A. 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74: 3583-3597.
Vercoe P. E., Makkar H. P. S. and Schlink A. C. 2010. In vitro screening of plant resources for extra-nutritional attributes in ruminants: nuclear and related methodologies. Springer Verlag Gmbh.
Wahdwa M. and Bakshi M. P. S. 2013. Utilization of fruit and vegetable wastes as livestock feed and as substrates for generation of other value-added products. FAO, RAP Publication.