Effect of feeding different levels of cotton by-product on performance, degradability, rumen fermentation parameters, microbial protein, and microbial population in fattening lambs

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Ph.D. Student in Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Fisheries, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Sari, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Fisheries, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Sari, Iran

3 Professor, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Fisheries, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Sari, Iran

Abstract

Introduction: Today, the increase in the world's population, especially in third-world countries, has caused an increase in the demand for livestock products, which will subsequently require more livestock products and more food resources to meet these needs. The use of waste from factories of agricultural transformation industries in feeding livestock helps to make the cost of breeding more economical. Since cotton by-product is considered a product of cotton ginning factories, it can be said that due to its nutritional value, its use in animal diets is to avoid wasting this huge source of feed. Cotton by-product contains 86.9% dry matter, 12.3% crude protein, 57.7% NDF, 12.2% ash, 1.7% calcium, 0.31% phosphorus, and 1.06% net energy. The results of the studies showed that cotton waste can be used as a source of protein in the diet of fattening animals. This study aimed to assess the effect of feeding different levels of cotton by-products on performance, degradability, rumen fermentation parameters, microbial protein, and microbial population in fattening lambs.
Materials and methods: In this study, 24 male Afshari lambs with a mean weight of 30±0.7 kg and a mean age of four months were used in a completely randomized design with four treatments and six replications for 90 days. The experimental treatments included: 1) a diet without cotton by-product (control), 2) a diet containing 33.33% cotton by-product instead of alfalfa, 3) a diet containing 66.66% cotton by-product instead of alfalfa, and 4) a diet containing 100% cotton by-product instead. Hay was based on dry matter. The cotton by-product used in this study was obtained from Mahosh cotton ginning factory located in Razavi Khorasan province, Neyshabur city, Iran. After entering the test site, it was chopped and then mixed with alfalfa in certain percentages; it was consumed by experimental lambs. Growth performance traits including daily feed intake, daily weight gain, and feed conversion ratio were measured during the experiment period. To measure ruminal fermentation parameters and bacteria and protozoa populations, the rumen fluid of the experimental lambs was taken from the rumen on the 90th day of the experiment, three hours after morning feeding using an esophageal tube. To determine urine purine derivatives, the total 24-hour urine production of each animal was collected in a special container under the metabolic cage on five sampling days. The number of three fistulaized Afshari sheep with a mean weight of about 50±2 kg and a mean age of approximately 11 months was used to estimate the parameters of degradability of dry matter, crude protein, and NDF.
Results and discussion: The growth performance results showed that replacing 100% cotton by-products instead of dry alfalfa increased feed intake, increased daily weight, and decreased feed conversion ratio (P<0.05). The results of ruminal parameters showed that the treatment containing 66.66 and 100% replacement of cotton by-products instead of dry alfalfa had the highest concentration of total volatile fatty acids, acetic acid, and acetate to propionate ratio (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the experimental treatments in the amounts of purine excretion derivatives and microbial protein production. The use of 66.66% of the substitute cotton by-product instead of dry alfalfa in the diet increased the total population of rumen fluid bacteria (P<0.05) but had no significant effect on the protozoan population. The results of meta-measures of dry matter degradability, crude protein, and NDF showed that there was no significant difference between experimental treatments.
Conclusions: The general results of the study showed that replacing cotton by-products by 66.66 or 100% instead of dry alfalfa in the diet improved the performance, increased the bacterial population, and concentration of total volatile fatty acids in the rumen fluid of fattening lambs. The use of cotton by-products can be a suitable substitute for alfalfa in the diet of fattening lambs without negative effects on growth performance and rumen fermentation indices.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

Abbasalan, M., Khorvash, M., Mirzaei, M., Reisi, A. A., Mirzaei, M. R., & Hosseini Ghafari, M. (2011). The effect of different levels of healthy cottonseed on performance, carcass yield, and morphology of small intestine villi in Arabi male lambs. Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research, 1(3), 56-62. [In Persian]
Afsalzadeh, A., Abbasalan, M., Sharifi, S. D., Khadem, A. A., & Ghendi, D. (2011). The effect of different levels of cottonseed in the diet on performance and blood parameters of Zandi male lambs. Animal Production Journal, 1(13), 41-48. [In Persian]
Alege, F. P., Donohoe, S. P., Tumuluru, J. S., Delhom, C. D., Blake, C. D., & Thomas, J. W. (2023). Forage properties of fresh and composted cotton gin byproducts as feed supplements. AgriEngineering, 5(4), 1955-1970. doi: 10.3390/agriengineering5040120
AOAC. (2005). Official methods of analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC. USA.
Balaji, N. S., Ramakrishnan, S., Muralidharan, J., Vasan, P., Sivakumar, K., & Thiruvenkadan, A. K. (2023). Effect of Cotton Gin Trash Supplementation as an Unconventional Feedstuff on Feed Intake and Production Characteristics of Mecheri sheep of India.‏ Sustainability, 15, 1-16.
Broderick, G. A., & Kang, J. H. (1980). Automated simultaneous determination of ammonia and total amino acids in ruminal fluid and in vitro media. Journal of Dairy Science, 63(1), 64-75.‏ doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(80)82888-8
Chen, X. B., & Gomes, M. J. (1992). Estimation of microbial protein supply to sheep and cattle based on urinary excretion of purine derivatives-An overview of the technical details. Occasional publication 1992. International Feed Resources Unit, Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB2 9SB, UK. Pp. 19.
Conway, E. J. (1950). Microdiffusion. Analysis and volumetric error. (2nd Ed.). Crosby Lockwood and Son, London.
Dayani, O., Dadvar, P., & Afsharmanesh, M. (2011). Effect of dietary whole cottonseed and crude protein level on blood parameters and performance of fattening lambs. Small Ruminant Research, 97(3), 48-54.‏ doi: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2011.02.007
Dehority, B. A. (2003). Rumen Microbiology. Nottingham University, ‏London, UK.
Dijkstra, J. (1994). Production and absorption of volatile fatty acids in the rumen. Livestock Production Science, 39(1), 61-69. doi: 10.1016/0301-6226(94)90154-6
Duncan, D. B. (1955). Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 1, 1-42. doi: 10.2307/3001478
Folch J., Lees M., & Sloane-Stanley G. A. (1957). Simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. Journal of Biology Chemistry, 26, 497-509.
Franzolin, R., & Dehority, B. A. (1996). Effect of prolonged high-concentrate feeding on ruminal protozoa concentrations. Journal of Animal Science, 74(11), 2803-2809.‏ doi: 10.2527/1996.74112803x
Harrison, J. H., Kincaid, R. L., McNamara, J. P., Waltner, S., Loney, K. A., Riley, R. E., & Cronrath, J. D. (1995). Effect of whole cottonseeds and calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids on performance of lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 78(1), 181-193. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(95)76628-0
Hill, G. M., Watson, R. S., Gates, R. N., Newton, G. L., Stewart, R. L., & Bader, M. J. (2000). Feeding cotton gin trash to beef cows in confinement during winter. Journal of Animal Science, 78(2), 25. ‏
Horner, J. L., Coppock, C. E., Moya, J. R., Labore, J. M., & Lanham, J. K. (1988). Effects of niacin and whole cottonseed on ruminal fermentation, protein degradability, and nutrient digestibility. Journal of Dairy Science, 71(5), 1239-1247. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(88)79679-4
Ibro, M. K., Ancha, V. R., & Lemma, D. B. (2022). Impacts of anaerobic co-digestion on different influencing parameters: a critical review. Sustainability, 14(15), 9387. doi: 10.3390/su14159387
Ivan M., Petit H., Chiquette J., & Wright A. (2013). Rumen fermentation and microbial population in lactating dairy cows receiving diets containing oil seeds rich in c-18 fatty acids. British Journal of Nutrition, 109, 1211-1218. doi: 10.1017/S0007114512003030
‏Jacobs, J. L. (2021). Cotton byproduct assessment for improving beef cattle feeding recommendations. Ph.D. Dissertation, Auburn University.
Jacobs, J. L., Mullenix, M. K., Koebernick, J. C., Dillard, S. L., Justice, S. M., Tigue, D. A., & Muntifering, R. B. (2022). Cotton gin byproduct: Effects on feed intake, quality, and safety for use in diets of gestating beef cows. Applied Animal Science, 38(5), 402-408. doi: 10.15232/aas.2022-02288
Kandylis, K., Nikokyris, P. N., & Deligiannis, K. (2008). Performance of growing–fattening lambs fed whole cotton seed. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 78(2), 281-289. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199909)79:12<1613::AID-JSFA409>3.0.CO;2-R
Kazemi, M., & Tohidi, R. (2023). Can conventional forages be replaced with cotton plant (Gossypium hirsutum) wastes in fattening lambs? Laboratory and animal studies. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 55(6), 1-10. doi: 10.1007/s11250-023-03816-9
Keramatzadeh, A., Mehregan, F., Eshraghi, F., & Shirani Bidabadi, F. (2016). Factors affecting the area under cotton cultivation in Golestan province, Iran Cotton Research, 4(1), 1-16. [In Persian]
Kim, S. H., & Sung, H. G. (2022). Effects of different fiber substrates on in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics and rumen microbial community in Korean native goats and Hanwoo steers. Fermentation, 8(11), 611. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8110611
Lesmeister, K. E., & Heinrichs, A. J. (2004). Effects of corn processing on growth characteristics, rumen development, and rumen parameters in neonatal dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 87(10), 3439-3450. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73479-7
Myer, R. O. (2008). Cotton gin trash: Alternative roughage feed for beef cattle: AN177/AN189, 11/2007. EDIS. https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/IR/00/00/37/67/00001/AN18900.pdf
McDonald, P., Henderson, N., & Heron, S. (1991). The Biochemistry of Silage, 2nd ed. Marlow, UK, Chalcombe Publications.
‏Magalhaes, T. S., Carvalho, G. G. P. D., Santos, E. M., Lima, A. E. D. S., Junior, J. F., Pina, D. D. S., & Leite, L. C. (2021). Health concerns of lambs fed cottonseed hulls combined with chitosan by examining the blood metabolic profile and histopathology of the kidney, liver, and rumen. Veterinární Medicína, 66(11), 470-480. doi: 10.17221/194/2020-VETMED
‏Mullenix, K. K., & Stewart, L. (2021). Cotton byproduct use in Southeastern beef cattle diets: Quality, intake, and changes in feed characteristics. Journal of Animal Science, 99(Suppl 2), 18-19. doi: 10.1093/jas/skab096.031
National Research Council. (2007). Mineral tolerance of animals, second revised edition. National Academy of Science, Washington, DC, 384.
Negrão, F., Zanine, A., Ribeiro, M., Ferreira, D., Souza, A., Parente, M., & Lins, T. (2020). By-product of cotton agribusiness as an alternative protein source for rams. Agriculture, 10(7), 280. doi: 10.3390/agriculture10070280
Newsome, M. K. (2023). Evaluation of wet brewers’ grains and cotton gin byproduct on performance, carcass merit, and digestibility of beef cattle Ph.D. Dissertation, North Carolina State University.
Ottenstein D. M., & Bartley D. A. (1971). Separation of free acids C2–C5 in dilute aqueous solution column technology. Journal of Chromatographic Science, 11, 673-681.
Riasi, A., Mesgaran, M. D., Stern, M. D., & Moreno, M. R. (2008). Chemical composition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter and crude protein from the halophytic plants Kochia scoparia, Atriplex dimorphostegia, Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 141(3-4), 209-219. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.06.014
Sagebiel, J. A., & Cisse, N. (1984). Feeding cotton gin trash to wintering pregnant beef cows. In Proceedings of the annual meeting of the American Society of Animal Science.
SAS Institute. (2011). SAS User's Guide. Version 9.3. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.
Schneid, K. N., Foote, A. P., Beck, P. A., Farran, G. L., & Wilson, B. K. (2022). Using whole cottonseed to replace dried distillers grains plus solubles and prairie hay in finishing beef cattle rations balanced for physically effective neutral detergent fiber. Applied Animal Science, 38(5), 417-432. doi: 10.15232/aas.2022-02305
Smith, N. E., Collar, L. S., Bath, D. L., Dunkley, W. L., & Franke, A. A. (1981). Digestibility and effects of whole cottonseed fed to lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 64(11), 2209-2215. doi: 10.3168/jds.2023-23944
Solaiman, S. (2007). Feeding value of whole cottonseed for goats. Tuskeegee University. Last Accessed: March, 27, 2014.
Stern, M. D., & Hoover, W. H. (1979). Methods for determining and factors affecting rumen microbial protein synthesis: a review. Journal of Animal Science, 49(6), 1590-1603. ‏doi: 10.2527/jas1979.4961590x
Van Soest, P. J. (2018). Nutritional ecology of the ruminant. Cornell University press.
‏Veloz, C. C. (2023). Effect of increasing levels of gossypol and fatty acids coming from whole cottonseed on rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility and microbial community composition in continuous culture fermenters. Ph.D. Dissertation, Utah State University.‏
Wanapat, M., Anantasook, N., Rowlinson, P., Pilajun, R., & Gunun, P. (2013). Effect of carbohydrate sources and levels of cotton seed meal in concentrate on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in young dairy bulls. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 26(4), 529-536. ‏ doi: 10.5713/ajas.2012.12607
Wang, W. K., Wang, Y. L., Li, W. J., Wu, Q. C., Yang, K. L., Li, S. L., & Yang, H. J. (2021). In situ rumen degradation characteristics and bacterial colonization of whole cottonseed, cottonseed hull and cottonseed meal with different gossypol content. AMB Express, 11(1), 1-11.‏ doi: 10.1186/s13568-021-01244-2
Warner, A. L., Beck, P. A., Foote, A. P., Pierce, K. N., Robison, C. A., Hubbell, D. S., & Wilson, B. K. (2020). Effects of utilizing cotton byproducts in a finishing diet on beef cattle performance, carcass traits, fecal characteristics, and plasma metabolites. Journal of Animal Science, 98(2): 38-53. doi: 10.1093/jas/skaa038
Yusuf, H. A., Piao, M., Ma, T., Huo, R., & Tu, Y. (2021). Enhancing the quality of total mixed ration containing cottonseed or rapeseed meal by optimization of fermentation conditions. Fermentation, 7(4), 234. doi: 10.3390/fermentation7040234
Zanine, A., Castro, W., Ferreira, D., Sousa, A., Parente, H., Parente, M., & Negrão, F. (2022). The effect of cotton lint from agribusiness in diets on intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance, blood metabolites and ingestive behaviour of rams. Agriculture, 12(8), 1262. doi: 10.3390/agriculture12081262
Animal Production Research
Volume 13, Issue 1
June 2024
Pages 15-28

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics