Study of degradation trend of phosalone and diazinon residues in fresh, ensiled alfalfa and baled alfalfa hay

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Science, Higher Education Complex of Torbat-e Jam, Torbat-e Jam, Iran

2 Professor, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

3 MS.c, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Torbat-e Jam Faculty of Medical Sciences, Torbat-e Jam, Iran

4 Ph.D, Clinic of Plant Protection of Pars Taravat, Mashhad, Iran

Abstract

An experiment was conducted to compare the degradation rate of phosalone and diazinon residues in fresh, ensiled alfalfa and baled alfalfa hay under farm conditions. Part of an alfalfa field selected, divided into equal plots and then was sprayed with diazinon and phosalone. The samples of fresh or ensiled alfalfa and baled alfalfa were taken at specified intervals (up to15 days, 14 and 24 weeks after spraying, respectively). Pesticides residues were measured by gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MASS). In the 15th day after spraying, the phosalone and diazinon residues were 57.33±2.13 and 24.75±1.51 mg/kg DM of fresh alfalfa respectively. The half-life of diazinon and phosalone in fresh alfalfa were 4.34 and 3.62 days, respectively. No diazinon residues were observed at 14 weeks after baling; however, phosalone residue was 3.32 mg during 24 weeks after baling. No residues of diazinon and phosalone were observed in alfalfa at weeks 12 and 14 after ensiling, respectively. Phosalone compared to diazinon, had a less degradation rate in fresh, ensiled alfalfa and baled alfalfa hay, and both pesticides can remain relatively stable in alfalfa for a long term. Ensiling compared to baling was also more effective in degradation of pesticides residues with passage of time.

Keywords

Main Subjects


Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). 2007. Pesticide Residues in Foods by Acetonitrile Extraction and Partitioning with Magnesium Sulfate Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry First Action.
Bakirci G. T., Acay D. B. Y., Bakirci F. and Otles S. 2014. Pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables from the Aegean region, Turkey. Food Chemistry, 160: 379-392.
Chetan P. S., Kumar R. R. and Mohan P. M. 2009. Phosalone-induced changes in regional cholinesterase activities in rat brain during behavioral tolerance. African Research Review, 3: 20-30.
Dagnac T., Garcia-Chaoa M., Pulleiroa P., Garcia-Jaresb C. and Llompart M. 2009. Dispersive solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for the multi-residue analysis of pesticides in raw bovine milk. Journal of Chromatography A, 1216: 3702-3709.
Edwards C. A. 1985. Agrochemicals as environmental pollutants (Ed.), Control of pesticide applications and residues in food: A guide and directory. Uppsala: Swedish Science Press. pp. 1-19.
Food and Agriculture Organization. 2013. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Statistics Division. Retrieved September 9, 2016. from http://faostat3.fao.org/download/R/RP/E.
Food and Agriculture Organization. 2016. Pesticide residue in food, special session of the join FAO/WHO meeting on pesticide residues. Retrieved July 5, 2017, from http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5693e.pdf.
Food and Agriculture Organization. 2017. Pesticide Residues in Food and Feed. Codex Alimentarius Commission. Retrieved July 4, 2017, from http://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/standards/pestres/pesticides/en/.
Gilden R. C., Huffling K. and Sattler B. 2010. Pesticides and health risks. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, 39(1): 103-110.
Hebert V. R., Hoonhout C. and Miller G. C. 2000. Reactivity of certain organophosphorous insecticides toward hydroxyl radicals at elevated air temperature. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48: 1922-1928.
Holland P. T., Maber J. F., May W. A. and Malcolm C. P. 1997. Drift from Orchard Spraying, In: Proceedings of 50th New Zealand Plant Protection Conference. New Zealand, pp. 112-118.
Kan C. A. and Meijer G. A. L. 2007. The risk of contamination of food with toxic substances present in animal feed. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 133: 84-108.
Kazemi M., Tahmasbi A., Valizadeh R., Naserian A. and Soni A. 2012. Organophosphate pesticides: a general review. Agricultural Science Research Journal, 2: 512-522.
Merhi M., Raynal H., Cahuzac E., Vinson F., Cravedi J. P. and Gamet-Payrastre L. 2007. Occupational exposure to pesticides and risk of hematopoietic cancers: meta-analysis of case–control studies. Cancer Causes Control, 18 (10): 1209–1226.
R Development Core Team. 2011. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria. Retrieved March 17, 2017. from http: //www.R-project.org.
Slotkin T. A. and Seidler F. J. 2008. Comparative developmental neurotoxicity of organophosphate in vivo: Transcriptional. Cell Biology, 2(1): 12-20.
Streibig J. C., Rudemo M., Jensen, J. E. 1993. Dose-response curves and statistical models (Ed.), Herbicide bioassays. Florida: CRC Press. pp. 29-55.
Sugeng A. J., Beamer P. I., Lutz E. A. and Rosales C. B. 2013. Hazard-ranking of agricultural pesticides for chronic health effects in yuma county, arizona. Science of the Total Environment, 463-464: 35-41.
Talebi K. H. 2006. Dissipation of phosalone and diazinon in fresh and dried alfalfa. Journal of Environmental Science and Health (Part B), 41: 595-603.
Ward C. R., Owens J. C. and Turner W. E. 1972. Residues of diazinon remaining after application to wheat. Journal of Economical Entomology, 65: 899-910.
World Health Organization. 1990. The WHO recommended classification of pesticides by hazard and guidelines to classification 1990-1991. Bulletin World Health Organization, 68(4): 517-521.
Zuin V. G. and Vilegas J. H. 2000. Pesticide residues in medicinal plants and phytomedicines. Phytotherapy Research, 14(2): 73-88.