اثر سطوح مختلف اسانس رازیانه بر فراسنجه‌های تولید گاز و جمعیت پروتوزوآی شکمبه بز در شرایط برون تنی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری علوم دامی، دانشکده علوم و مهندسی کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی

2 دانشیار گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده علوم و مهندسی کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی

3 استادیار گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده علوم و مهندسی کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی

چکیده

این بررسی برای ارزیابی اثر سطوح مختلف اسانس رازیانه (صفر، 100، 250، 500، 750 و 1000 میکروگرم در میلی­لیتر) بر پتانسیل تولید گاز، فراسنجه‌های تخمیر شکمبه و جمعیت پروتوزوآ در شرایط برون­تنی انجام شد. مایع شکمبه از شش رأس بز مرغوز در حالت ناشتا و با استفاده از لوله مری جمع‌آوری شد. گاز تولیدی در 96 ساعت گرم‌خانه‌گذاری ثبت شد. اثر اسانس بر تعداد پروتوزوآی کل و جنس‌های مختلف بررسی شد. همچنین، کل گاز تولیدی بعد از 24 ساعت گرم‌خانه‌گذاری، متان تولیدی و برخی دیگر از فراسنجه‌های تخمیر شکمبه نیز برآورد شد. پتانسیل تولید گاز و سرعت تخمیر تحت تأثیر اسانس رازیانه کم شدند (0001/0>p ) و فاز تأخیر در سطوح کم افزایش نشان داد (004/0=p ). فراسنجه pH ثابت ماند و تولید نیتروژن آمونیاکی و غلظت کل اسیدهای چرب فرار در سطوح 750 و 1000  کاهش یافت. گاز تولیدی 24 ساعت، تولید گاز متان، میزان ماده آلی واقعاً تجزیه شده و انرژی قابل متابولیسم کم شد، اما ضریب تفکیک‌پذیری، تولید توده میکروبی و بازده آن افزایش نشان داد (0001/0>p ). افزودن اسانس به محیط تخمیر، تعداد پروتوزوآی کل (0001/0>p ) و جنس‌های انتودینیوم، ایزوتریشیا را کاهش داد، اما تغییری در تعداد دیپلودینیوم و افریواسکولکس ایجاد نکرد. نتایج این بررسی نشان داد که اسانس رازیانه دارای خواص ضد پروتوزوآیی انتخابی علیه انتودینیوم و ایزوتریشیابوده و پتانسیل تغییر تخمیر شکمبه را با کاهش تولید گاز متان و آمونیاک و افزایش ضریب تفکیک‌پذیری دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of different levels of fennel essential oil on in vitro gas production parameters and protozoa population of goat rumen

نویسندگان [English]

  • S. Mirzaei Cheshmehgachi 1
  • M. M. Moeini 2
  • F. Hozhabri 2
  • M. E. Nooriyan soror 3
1 Ph.D Student of Animal Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
2 Associate Professor of Animal Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
3 Assistant Professor of Animal Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
چکیده [English]

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different doses of fennel essential oil (100, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 µg) on in vitro gas production parameters and protozoa population using goat rumen fluid. Rumen fluid was obtained from six Markhoz goats before morning feeding via esophageal tube. Gas production during 96 hours of incubation was recorded. The effect of essential oil on total protozoa and different genus was investigated. Also, gas production after 24h, methane production and some of the other in vitro ruminal parameters were determined. Gas production potential (B) and fermentation rate (c) were decreased by inclusion of the essential oil (p < /em><0.0001), while lag phase in low doses of the essential oil increased (p < /em>=0.004). The pH did not alter due to the addition
of the essential oil, but ammonia nitrogen and total volatile fatty acids were declined at doses of 750 and 1000 µg of the essential oil. Gas 24h, methane production, in vitro organic matter digestibility and metabolizable energy decreased, while partitioning factor, microbial mass and its efficiency increased by adding the essential oil (p < /em><0.0001). Adding fennel essential oil into fermentation media decreased total protozoa number and
Entodinium spp < /span> and Isotricha spp (p < /em><0.0001), but it had no effect on Diplodiniinae and Ophryoscolecinae populations. The results showed that the fennel essential oil may have selective antiprotozoal effect on Entodinium spp < /span> and Isotricha spp < /span>., and it has a good potential to change rumen fermentation by decreasing methane production, ammonia concentration and increasing the partitioning factor.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Fennel essential oil
  • In vitro fermentation
  • Partitioning factor
  • Methane
  • Ammonia nitrogen
پور بایرامیان ر.، پیرمحمدی ر. و امینیع. 1394. اثر استفاده از سطوح مختلف پودر لیموترش و موننسین بر قابلیت هضم مواد مغذی جیره، تخمیر شکمبه‌ای و متابولیت‌های خونی در قوچ ماکویی. پژوهش در نشخوارکنندگان، 3(1): 69-53.
زرگری ع .1367 .گیاهان دارویی . جلد دوم، انتشارات دانشگاه تهران، 946 صفحه.
طالب‌زاده م.، علیپور د.، سحرخیز م. و ملکی م. 1392. بررسی اثر اسانس روغنی زنیان (CarumcopticumL.) بر فراسنجه‌های تخمیر شکمبه‌ای در شرایط آزمایشگاهی. پژوهش در نشخوارکنندگان، 1(3): 30-17.
لباسچی م. 1389. بررسی اثر تراکم بوته بر عملکرد گیاه دارویی رازیانه در شرایط دیم مناطق سرد. تحقیقات گیاهان دارویی و معطر ایران. 26(1): 132-121.
Agarwal N., Shekhar C., Kumar R., Chaudhary L. C. and Kamra D. N. 2009. Effect of peppermint (Menthapiperita) oil on in vitro methanogenesis and fermentation of feed with buffalo rumen liquor. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 148: 321-327.
Ando S., Nishida T., Ishida M., Hosoda K. and Bayaru E. 2003. Effect of peppermint feeding on the digestibility, ruminal fermentation and protozoa. Livestock Producton Science, 82: 245-248.
AOAC. 1990. Official Methods of Analysis, 15th edition. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Arlington, VA. USA.
Barnett A. J. G. and Reid R. L. 1957. Studies on the production of volatile fatty acids from grass by rumen liquor in an artificial rumen. I. The volatile fatty acid Production of fresh grass. Journal of Agricultural Science, 48: 315-321.
Benchaar C., Petit H. V., Berthiaume R., Quellent D. R., Chiquette J. and Chouinard P. Y. 2007. Effects of essential oils on digestion, ruminalfermentation, rumen microbial population, milk production and milk composition in dairy cows fed alfalfa silage or corn silage. Journal of Dairy Science, 90: 886-897.
Blummel M., Makkar H. P. S. and Becker K. 1997. In vitro gas production: a technique revisited. Journal of Animal Physiology, 77: 24-34.
British Pharmacopoeia, vol. 2 .1988. HMSO, London, pp. A137-A138.
Broderick G. A. and Kang J. H. 1980. Automated simultaneous determination of ammonia and total amino acids inruminal fluid and in vitro media. Journal of Dairy Science, 63: 64-75.
Cardozo P. W., Calsamiglia S., Ferret A. and Kamel C. 2004. Effects of natural plant extracts on ruminal protein degradation and fermentation profiles in continuous culture. Journal of Animal Science, 82: 3230-3236.
Cardozo P. W., Calsamiglia S., Ferret A. and Kamel C. 2005. Screening for the effects of natural plant extracts at two pH level on in vitro rumen microbial fermentation of a high-concentrate diet for beef cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 83: 2572-2579.
Chao S. C., Young D. G. and Oberg C. J. 2000. Screening for inhibitory activity of essential oils on selected bacteria, fungi and viruses. Journal of Essental Oil Research, 12: 639-649.
Chaves A. V., He Y., Yang W. Z., Hristov A. N., McAllister T. A. and Benchaar C. 2008. Effects of essential oils on proteolysis, deamination and methanogenesis in mixed cultures of ruminal bacteria. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 88: 117-122.
Cheng R. C., Hall G. and Burroughs W. 1955. A method for the study of cellulose digestion by wash suspensions of rumen microorganisms. Journal of Dairy Science, 38(11): 1225-1230.
Dehority B. A. 2003. Rumen Microbiology. Nottingham Univ. Press, Nottingham, UK.
Demeyer D. I., Meulemeester M., de Graeve K. and Gupta B. W.1988. Effect of fungal treatment of nutritive value of straw. Medicine Faculty of Landbouww Rijksuniv Gentics, 53,1811-1819.
Fraser G. R., Chaves A. V., Wang Y., Mcallister T. A., Beauchemin K. A. and Benchaar C. 2007. Assessment of the effects of cinnamon leaf oil on rumen microbial fermentation using two continuous culture systems. Journal of Dairy Science, 90: 2315-2328.
Garcýa-Gonzalez R., Lopez S., Fernandez M. and Gonzalez J. S. 2008. Dose response effects of Rheum officinaleroot and Frangulaalnusbark on ruminal methane production in vitro. Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 145: 319-334.
Goel G., Makkar H. P. S. and Becker K. 2008. Changes in microbial community structure, methanogenesis and rumen fermentation in response to saponin-rich fractions from different plant materials. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 105: 770-777.
Goel G., Puniya A. K., Aguliar C. N. and Singh K. 2005. Interaction of gut microflora with tannins in feeds. Naturwissenschaften, 92: 497-503.
Groot J. C. J., Cone J. W., Williams B. A., Debersaques M. A. and Lantinga E. A. 1996. Multiphasic analysis of gas production kinetics on in vitroruminal fermentation. Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 64: 77-89.
Hu W. L., Liu J. X., Yr J. A., Wu Y. M. and Guo Y. Q. 2005. Effect of tea saponin on rumen Fermentation in vitro. Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 120: 333-339.
Johnson K. A. and Johnson D. E. 1995. Methane emission from cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 73: 2483-2492.
Kongmun P., Wanapat M., Pakdee P. and Navanukraw C. 2010. Effect of coconut oil and garlic powder on in vitro fermentation using gas production technique. Journal of Livestock Production Science, 127: 38-44.
Lee H. J., Lee S. C., Kim J. D., Oh Y. G., Kim B. K., Kim C. W. and Kim K. J. 2003. Methane production potential of feed ingeredients and measured by in vitro gas test. Asian- Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 16: 1143-1150.
Lopez S., Makkar H.P.S. and Soliva C.R. 2010. Screening plants and plant products for methane inhibitors. Pp. 191-231 in In vitro screening of plant resources for extra-nutritional attributes in ruminants: Nuclear and related methodologies. P. E. Vercoe, H. P. S. Makkar and A. C. Schlink, Eds. Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.
Macheboeuf D., Morgavi D. P., Papon Y., Mousset J. and Arturo-Schann M. 2008. Dose-responces effects of essential oils on in vitro fermentation activity of the rumen microbial population. Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 145: 335-350.
Makkar H. P. S. 2010. In vitro screening of feed resources for efficiency of microbial protein synthesis. In:,Vercoe P.E. H.P.S. Makkar and A.C. Schlink (Eds), In vitro screening of plant resources for extra-nutritional attributes in ruminants: nuclear and related methodologies. pp. 107–144. IAEA: Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Mao H. L., Wang J. K., Zhou Y. Y. and Liu J. X. 2010. Effects of addition of tea saponins and soybean oil on methane production, fermentation and microbial population in the rumen of growing lambs. Livestock Production Science, 129: 56-62.
Mcdonald P., Edwards R. A., Greenhalgh J. F. D., Morgan, C. A., Sinclair L. A. and Wilkinson R. G. 2010. Animal Nutrition. 7th­ Edition. Oliver and Boyd Publishers (UK), 692 p.
Mcintosh F. M., Williams P., Losa R., Wallace R. J., Beever D. A. and Newbold, C. J. 2003. Effects of essential oils on ruminal microorganisms and their protein metabolism. Journal of Applied Environment and Microbiology, 69: 5011-5014.
Menke K. H., Raab L., Salewski A., Steingass H., Fritz D. and Schneider W. 1979. The estimation of the digestibility and metabolizable energy content of ruminant feedstuffs fromthe gas production when they are incubated with rumen liquor in vitro. Journal of Agricultural Science, 92: 217-222.
Mirzaei Cheshmehgachi S., Moeini M. M., Hozhabri F. and Nooryan Soroor M. E. 2017. Effect of essential oils of Zataria multiflora, Eucalyptus globolus and their combination on fermentation parameters using Merghoz goat rumen liquor. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 7(1): 53-59.
Morgavi D. P, Boudra H., Jouany J. P. and Michalet-Doreau B. 2004. Effect of stability of gliotoxin, an Aspergillus fumigates toxin, on in vitro rumen fermentation. Food Additives and Contaminants,21: 871-878.
Morgavi D. P., Forano E., Martin C. and Newbold C. J. 2010. Microbial ecosystem and methanogenesis in ruminants. Animal, 4: 1024-1036.
Newbold C. J., Lassalas B. and Jouany J. P. 1995. The importance of methanogenesis associated with ciliate protozoa in ruminal methane production in vitro. Letter of Applied Microbiology, 21: 230-234.
Newbold C. J., Mcintosh F. M., Williams P., Losa R. and Wallace R. J. 2004. Effects of a specific blend of essential oil compounds on rumen fermentation. Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 114: 105-112.
Official Journal of European Union. 2003. Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 of the European Parliament and the council of 22 September on additives for use in animal nutrition. L268/36.
Patra A. K., Kamra D. N. and Agarwal N. 2006. Effect of plant extracts on in vitro methanogenesis, enzyme activities and fermentation of feed in rumen liquor of buffalo. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 128(3-4): 276-291.
Patra A. K. and Saxena J. 2009. A review of the effect and mode of action of saponins on microbial population and fermentation in the rumen and ruminant production. Nutral Research Reviews, 22: 204-219.
Pen B. 2007. Studies on manipulation of ruminal fermentation and methanogenesis by natural products. Ph.D. Dissertation, Major Chair of Animal Production the United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University.
Pen B., Sar C., Mwenya B., Kuwaki K., Morikawa R. and Takahashi J. 2006. Effects of Yucca schidigera and Quillaja saponaria extracts on in vitro ruminal fermentation and methane emission. Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 129: 175-186.
Razzaghi A., Valizadeh R., Naserian A. A. and Danesh Mesgaran M. 2016. The effect of addition sucrose and sunflower seeds to the diet on lactation performance and ruminal fermentation pattern in dairy cow. Journal of Dairy Science, 99(5): 3539-3548.
Russell J. B. and Strobel H. J. 1989. Effect of ionophores on ruminal fermentation. Applied Environment and Microbiology, 55: 1-7.
Sallam S. M. A., Bueno P. I. C. S., Brigide P. B. and Godoy D. M. S. S. and AbdallaVitti A. L. 2009. Efficacy of eucalyptus oil on in vitro rumen fermentation and methane production. Optios.  Mediterraneennes, 85: 267-272.
Santoso B., Kilmaskossu A. and Sambodo P. 2007. Effects of saponin from Biophytumpetersianum Klotzsch on ruminal fermentation, microbial protein synthesis and nitrogen utilization in goats. Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 137: 58-68.
Schofield P. and Pell P. 1994. Validity of using accumulated gas pressure readings to measure forage digestion in vitro: A comparison involving three forages. Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
Taghavi-Nezhad M., Alipour D., TorabiGoudarzi M., Zamani P. and Khodakaramian G. 2011. Dose response to carvone rich essential oils of spearmint (Menthaspicata): in vitro ruminal fermentation kinetics and digestibility. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 13: 1013-1020.
Talebzadeh R., Alipour D., Saharkhiz M. J., Azarfar A. and Malecky M. 2012. Effect of essential oils of Zatariamultifloraonin vitro rumen fermentation, protozoa population, growth and enzyme activity of anaerobic fungus isolated from Mehraban sheep. Journal of Animal Science, 172: 115-124.
Tan H. Y., Sieo C. C., Abdullah N., Liang J. B. Huang X. D. and Ho Y. W. 2011. Effects of condensed tannins from Leucaena on methane production, rumen fermentation and populationns of methanogens and protozoa in vitro. Journal of Animal Science, 169: 185-193.
Van Nevel C. J. and Demeyer D. I. 1988. Manipulation of rumen fermentation. In: The Rumen Microbial Ecosystem P.N. Hobson (ed). Elsevier Applied Science, New York, NY.
Van Soest P. J., Robertson J. B. and Lewis B. A. 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74: 3583-3597.
Vercoe E. P., Makkar H. P. S. and Schlink A. C. 2010. In vitro screening of plant resources for extranutritional attributes in ruminants: nuclear and related methodologies (Ed.), In vitro screening of feed resources for efficiency of microbial protein synthesis, (pp. 106-144). New York: Springer.
Wallace R. J., Mcewan N. R., Mcintosh F. M., Teferedegne B. and Newbold C. J. 2002. Natural products as manipulators of rumen fermentation. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 15: 1458-1468.