اثر سطوح مختلف پودر دانه رازیانه و سیاه‌دانه بر فراسنجه های تخمیر شکمبه و جمعیت پروتوزا گوسفندان سنجابی به روش برون تنی و درون تنی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده علوم و مهندسی کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی

2 دانشیار، گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده علوم و مهندسی کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی

3 استادیار، بخش تحقیقات علوم دامی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان کرمانشاه، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی

چکیده

مطالعه حاضر در قالب دو آزمایش به روش برون­تنی و درون­تنی طراحی و اجرا شد. در آزمایش اول (درون­تنی)، تعداد 18 رأس بره چهار تا شش ماهه نژاد سنجابی با میانگین وزن 7/6±8/30 کیلوگرم به‌طور تصادفی به سه گروه با شش تکرار تقسیم شدند. تیمارها شامل: گروه شاهد (جیره‌ پایه حاوی 65 درصد کنسانتره و 35 درصد علوفه بدون افزودنی)، گروه رازیانه (جیره پایه به­علاوه 20 گرم رازیانه در کیلوگرم کنسانتره) و گروه سیاه‌دانه (جیره پایه به­علاوه 20 گرم سیاه‌دانه در کیلوگرم کنسانتره) بودند. در آزمایش دوم (برون­تنی)، سطوح صفر، 5، 25 و 50 میلی­گرم از پودر گیاه رازیانه و سیاه‌دانه به شیرابه شکمبه جمع‌آوری ‌شده از شش رأس بره نژاد سنجابی (گروه شاهد آزمایش اول) افزوده شد. شیرابه شکمبه در هر دو آزمایش از راه لوله مری گرفته شد. تولید گاز، pH، غلظت نیتروژن آمونیاکی، کل اسیدهای چرب فرار، قابلیت هضم آزمایشگاهی و درون­تنی ماده آلی و شمارش پروتوزوا اندازه‌گیری شد. در آزمایش درون­تنی، همه جمعیت­های پروتوزوایی مطالعه شده در گروه­های تیمار شده با رازیانه و سیاه‌دانه کاهش یافت (05/0P˂). در آزمایش برون­تنی، افزودن دانه رازیانه سبب کاهش قابل ‌توجهی در تولید گاز شد (0001/0P˂) و میزان ماده آلی تجزیه ‌شده و مقدار توده میکروبی در سطوح 25 و 50 میلی­گرم رازیانه در مقایسه با گروه شاهد کمتر بود (05/0P˂). غلظت نیتروژن آمونیاکی در همه سطوح سیاه‌دانه و در سطح 50 میلی­گرم رازیانه، کاهش معنی­داری در مقایسه با گروه شاهد داشت (05/0P˂). جمعیت پروتوزوای کل و زیرخانواده انتودینینه تحت تأثیر هر دو تیمار رازیانه و سیاه‌دانه در شرایط آزمایشگاهی کاهش چشمگیری داشت (0001/0P˂). نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که دانه سیاه‌دانه و رازیانه اثر ضدپروتوزوایی داشته و می­توانند سبب کاهش جمعیت­های مختلف پروتوزوایی هم در شرایط درون­تنی و هم برون­تنی شوند. سطوح پایین رازیانه با تأثیر بر روند تخمیر شکمبه و کاهش تولید گاز می­توانند سبب بهبود بازدهی تخمیر از راه افزایش ماده آلی تجزیه ‌شده شوند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of different levels of Foeniculum vulgare and Nigella sativa powder on rumen fermentation parameters and protozoa population of Sanjabi sheep by in vitro and in vivo methods

نویسندگان [English]

  • S. Mirzaei Cheshmehgachi 1
  • M. M. Moeini 2
  • H. Khamisabadi 3
1 Ph.D. Student, Animal Science Department, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Animal Science Department, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Science Research, Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Kermanshah, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Rumen fermentation manipulation aims to maximize the feed efficiency and increase the usefulness of rearing ruminants; in simpler words, the goal of rumen manipulation is to increase processes in rumen fermentation that are beneficial for the host animal and to reduce, change, or eliminate inefficient or harmful processes in rumen fermentation. In this regard, trying to use natural products such as medicinal plants has been widely accepted. The desire and demand of consumers to use healthy meat and livestock products has increased the research to search for natural compounds and additives of plant origin that are beneficial for animal health. The positive effects of medicinal plants on the process of microbial fermentation and reduction of greenhouse gases through their active compounds (such as anthole in fennel or thymoquinone in black seed) have been shown. The present study was designed in two experiments to evaluate the effect of different levels of Foeniculum vulgare and Nigella sativa powder on rumen fermentation parameters and protozoa population of Sanjabi sheep by in vitro and in vivo methods.
Materials and methods: The present study was designed and carried out in two experiments, in vitro and in vivo. In the first experiment (in vitro), 18 Sanjabi lambs (four to six months of age) with an average weight of 30.8 ± 6.7 kg were randomly divided into three groups with six replicates. Treatments included: control (basal diet without additives), fennel (basal diet plus 20 grams of fennel per kilogram of concentrate), and black seed group (basal diet plus 20 grams of black seed per kilogram of concentrate). In the second experiment (in vitro), 0, 5, 25, and 50 mg of fennel and black seed powder were added to the rumen liquor collected from six Sanjabi lambs (the control group of the first experiment). In both experiments, rumen liquor was taken through the esophageal tube. Gas production, pH, ammonia nitrogen concentration, total volatile fatty acids, in vitro digestibility of organic matter, and protozoa count were measured. In the in vivo experiment, the amount of excrement of sheep was measured by installing nets under the boxes of the animals. Data analysis was done using SAS statistical software. The normality of the counting data (population of protozoa) was first checked by a non-parametric Kolomogorov-Smirnov test and then analysis was done. The experimental design used in this research was completely randomized and for the first experiment, it was repeated measurements in time. Duncan's multiple range test was used to compare the mean of the treatments.
Results and discussion: The results of the in vivo experiment showed that the use of fennel and black seed increased the amount of digested organic matter in the rumen significantly compared to the control (P<0.05). In the in vivo experiment, all studied protozoa populations decreased in all treatments (P<0.05). In the in vitro experiment, the addition of fennel caused a significant decrease in gas production (P˂0.0001), organic matter digestibility, and microbial mass at the levels of 25 and 50 mg compared to the control (P<0.05). Ammonia nitrogen concentration at all levels of black seed and the level of 50 mg of fennel had a significant decrease compared to the control (P<0.05). Total protozoa population and Entodinium spp. subfamily was affected by both fennel and black seed treatments in vitro and showed a significant decrease (P˂0.0001). The results of this study showed that black seed and fennel have anti-protozoa properties and can reduce different protozoa populations both in vitro and in vivo. Also, low levels of fennel can improve the fermentation efficiency by increasing the degraded organic matter and reducing gas production. In addition, the results obtained from this research showed that fennel and black seed medicinal plants had the potential to manipulate and change the process of rumen fermentation, and their anti-protozoal effects were evident and significant in both experiments. However, the effects of these plants on the fermentation process in vitro and in vivo did not follow the same process in most of the fermentation parameters, and in vitro results cannot be fully and reliably generalized to the conditions inside the rumen of live sheep.
Conclusions: The levels of fennel and black seed used in this study can reduce different protozoa populations and improve the process of rumen fermentation, although more researches are needed with different levels of these herbs to get more results.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Protozoa
  • Ammonia nitrogen
  • Rumen liquor
  • Volatile fatty acids
Aboul-fotouh, G. E., Allam, S. M., Shehat, E., & Abdel-Azeem, S. N. (1999). Effect of some medicinal plants as feed additives on performance of growing sheep. Egyptian Journal of Nutrition and Feeds, 2, 79-87.
Babayan, V. K., Kootungal, D., & Halaby, G. A. (1997). Proximate analysis, fatty acid and, amino acid composition of (Nigella sativa) seed. Journal of Food Science, 43(4), 1314-1317.
Barnett, A. J. G., & Reid, R. L. (1957). Studies on production of volatile fatty acids from grass by rumen liquid in an artificial rumen. Journal of Agriculture Science, 48, 315-321.
Benchaar, C., Calsamiglia, S., Chaves, A. V., Fraser, G. R., Colombatto, D., McAllister, T. A., & Beauchemin K. A. (2008). A review of plant-derived essential oils in ruminant nutrition and production. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 145, 209-228. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.04.014
Blummel, M., & Ørskov, E. R. (1993). Comparison of gas production and nylon bag degrade ability of roughages in predicting feed intake in cattle. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 40, 109-119.
Blummel, M., Makkar, H. P. S., & Becker, K. (1997). In vitro gas production: a technique revisited. Journal of Animal Physiology, 77, 24-34.
Broderick, G. A., & Kang, J. H. (1980). Automated simultaneous determination of ammonia and total amino acids in ruminal fluid and in vitro media. Journal of Dairy Science, 63, 64-75.
Burt, S. (2004). Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods – a review. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 94, 223-253. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.022
Busquet, M., Calsamiglia, S., Ferret, A., & Kamel, C. (2006). Plant extracts affect in vitro rumen microbial fermentation. Journal of Dairy Science, 89, 761-771. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72137-3
Castillejos, L., Calsamiglia, S., Ferret, A., & Losa, R. (2007). Effects of dose and adaptation time of a specific blend of essential oil compounds on rumen fermentation. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 132, 186-201. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.03.023
Cherif, M., Ben Salem, H., & Abidi, S. (2018). Effect of the addition of Nigella sativa seeds to low or high concentrate diets on intake, digestion, blood metabolites, growth and carcass traits of Barbarine lamb. Small Ruminant Research. 158, 1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.11.008
Chizzola, R., Hochsteiner, W., & Hajek, S. (2004). GC analysis of essential oils in the rumen fluid after incubation of Thuja orientalis twigs in the Rusitec system. Research in Veterinary Science 76, 77-82. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2003.07.001
Cronquist, A. (1981). An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants.” New York: Columbia University Press. 352 p.
Dehority, B. A. (1993). Laboratory Manual for Classification and Morphology of Rumen Ciliate Protozoa. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA.
Derakhshan, N. S., Azarfar, A., Azizi, A., & Taghizadeh, M. (2017). Effect of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) and cumin (Carum carvi) powder and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in comparison with monensin on in vitro gas production parameters, protozoa population and microbial enzyme activity of sheep. Iranian Journal of Animal Science, 48(3), 399-410. [In Persian]
Dudareva, N., Pichersky, E., & Gershenzon, J. (2004). Biochemistry of plant volatiles. Plant Physiology, 135, 1893-1902. doi: 10.1201/9780429455612
Galyean, M. L., Perino, L. J., & Duff, G. C. (1999). Interaction of cattle health/ immunity and nutrition. Journal of Animal Science, 77, 1120-1134.
Garcýa-Gonzalez, R., Lopez, S., Fernandez, M., & Gonzalez, J. S. (2008). Dose response effects of Rheum officinale root and Frangula alnus bark on ruminal methane production in vitro. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 145, 319-334. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.05.040
Ghanbari, N., Abdi, E., Besharati, M., & Asghari, R. (2017). Effects of different levels of black cumin essential oil on sheep partitioning factor, metabolizable energy and digestible organic matter in vitro. 1st International and 5th National Conference on Organic vs. Conventional Agriculture, Ardebil, Iran.
Goel, G., Puniya, A. K., Aguliar, C. N., & Singh, K. (2005). Interaction of gut microflora with tannins in feeds. Natur wissenschaften, 92, 497-503.
Goreja, W. G. (2003). Black Seed: Nature’s Miracle Remedy. New York, NY7 Amazing Herbs Press, 46 p.
Grieve, M. (1984). Tansy. In: Leyel, C.F. (Ed.), A Modern Herbal. Penguin Books Ltd, Middlesex, Great Britain, pp. 789-790.
Jahani-Azizabadi, H., Danesh Mesgaran, M., Vakili, A., & Rezayazdi, K. (2014). Effect of some plant essential oils on in vitro ruminal methane production and on fermentation characteristics of a mid-forage diet. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 16, 1543-1554.
Menke, K. H., & Steingass, H. (1988). Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Animal Research and Development, 28, 7-55.
Miri, V. H., Ebrahimi, S. H., & Tyagi, A. K. (2015). The effect of cumin (Cuminum cyminum) seed extract on the inhibition of PUFA biohydrogenation in the rumen of lactating goats via changes in the activity of rumen bacteria and linoleate isomerase enzyme. Small Ruminant. Research, 125, 56-63. doi: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.02.017
Mirzaei Cheshmehgachi, S., Moeini, M. M., Hozhabri, F., & Nooriyan Soror, M. E. (2019). Effect of different levels of fennel essential oil on in vitro gas production parameters and protozoa population of goat rumen. Animal Production Research, 8(1), 41-51. doi: 10.22124/AR.2019.10750.1330 [In Persian]
Mirzaei Cheshmehgachi, S., Moeini, M. M., Hozhabri, F., & Nooriyan Soror, M. E. (2014). The effects of three medicinal plant essential oils on goat ruminal fermentation parameters and in vitro methane production. MSc Thesis, Razi University.
Mohammadizad, T., Fatahnia, F., Azarfar, A., Khatibjoo, A., & Taasoli, G. (2015). Effect of Zataria multiflora essential oils on in vitro gas production and rumen fermentation in diets containing different starch sources and fat types. Journal of Ruminant Research, 3(3), 37-58. [In Persian]
Nagaraja, T. G., Newbold, C. J., Van Nevel, C. J., & Demeyer, D. I. (1997). Manipulation of ruminal fermentation. Pages 523-632 in The Rumen Microbial Ecosystem. P. N. Hobson and C. S. Stewart, ed. Chapman and Hall, London, UK.
Nemati Shirzai, F., Rozbehan, Y., & Karimi Tarshizi, M. A. (2012). An Investigation of the effect of some medicinal plants on in vitro ruminal fermentation parameters. Iranian Journal of Animal Science, 43(2), 193-206. [In Persian]
Nergiz, C., & Otles, S. (1998). Chemical composition of Nigella sativa L. seeds. Food Chemistry, 48(3), 259-261.
Nooriyan Soroor, M. E., & Rouzbehan, Y. (2017). Effect of essential oils of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus Labill) and Angelica (Heracleum persicum Desf. ex Fischer) on in vitro ruminal fermentation, protozoal population and methane emission using Afshari sheep inoculum. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 19, 553-567.
Noshadi, S, Azarfar, A, Alipour, D, & Khosravinia, H. (2014). Effects of inclusion of dried deoiled Satureja khuzistanica in finishing diet of lambs on kinetics of gas production in vitroIranian Journal of Animal Science, 45(2), 163-171.
NRC. (2007). Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, Cervids and New World Camelids. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA.
Odhaib, K. J., Adeyemi, K. D., Ahmed, M. A., Jahromi, M. F., Jusoh, S., Samsudin, A. A., Alimon, A. R., Yaakub, H., & Sazili, A. Q. (2018). Influence of Nigella sativa seeds, Rosmarinus officinalis leaves and their combination on growth performance, immune response and rumen metabolism in Dorper lambs. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 50, 1011-1023. doi: 10.1007/s11250-018-1525-7
Patra, A. K., & Saxena, J. (2009). The effect and mode of action of saponins on microbial population and fermentation in the rumen and ruminant production. Nutrition Research Reviews, 22, 204-219. doi: 10.1017/S0954422409990163
Patra, A. K., Kamra, D. N., & Agarwal, N. (2006). Effect of plant extracts on in vitro methanogenesis, enzyme activities and fermentation of feed in rumen liquor of buffalo. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 128, 276-291. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.11.001
Penner, G. B., Aschenbach, J. R., Gabel, G., Rackwitz, R., & Oba, M. (2009). Epithelial capacity for apical uptake of short chain fatty acids is a key determinant for intraruminal pH and the susceptibility to subacute ruminal acidosis in sheep. Journal of Nutrition, 139, 1714-1720. doi: 10.3945/jn.109.108506
Renjie, L. L., & Shi Shidi, Z. (2010). GC-MS analysis of fennel essential oil and its effect on microbiology growth in rat’s intestine. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 4, 1319-1323.
Sallam, S. M. A., Bueno, P. I. C. S., Brigide, P. B., Godoy, D. M. S. S., & Abdalla Vitti, A. L. (2009). Efficacy of eucalyptus oil on in vitro rumen fermentation and methane production. Optios Mediterraneennes, 85, 267-272.
Spanghero, M., Zanfi, C., Fabbro, E., Scicutella, N., & Camellini, C. (2008). Effects of a blend of essential oils on some end products of in vitro rumen fermentation. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 145, 364-374. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.05.048
Talebzadeh, R., Alipour, D., Saharkhiz, M. J., Azarfar, A., & Malecky, M. (2012). Effect of essential oils of Zataria multiflora on in vitro rumen fermentation, protozoa population, growth and enzyme activity of anaerobic fungus isolated from Mehraban sheep. Journal of Animal Science, 172, 115-124. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.11.011
Tan, H. Y., Sieo C. C., Abdullah, N., Liang, J. B., Huang, X. D., & Ho, Y. W. (2011). Effects of condensed tannins from Leucaena on methane production, rumen fermentation and populations of methanogens and protozoa in vitro. Journal of Animal Science, 169, 185-193. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.07.004
Vercoe, E. P., Makkar, H. P. S., & Schlink, A. C. (2010). In vitro screening of plant resources for extranutritional attributes in ruminants: nuclear and related methodologies (Ed.), In Vitro Screening of Feed Resources for Efficiency of Microbial Protein Synthesis, (pp. 106-144). New York: Springer.
Wallace, R. J., Arthaud, L., & Newbold, C. J. (1994). Influence of Yucca schidigera extract on ruminal ammonia concentration and ruminal micro-organisms. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 60, 1762-1767. doi: 10.1128/aem.60.6.1762-1767
Wistuba, T. J., Kegley, E. B., Apple, J. K., and Davis, M. E. (2005). Influence of fish oil supplementation on growth and immune system characteristics of cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 83, 1097-1101. doi: 10.2527/2005.8351097x
Yadegari, M., Farahani, G. H. N., & Mosadeghzad, Z. (2012). Biofertilizers effects on quantitative and qualitative yield of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris). African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(34), 4716-4723.
Zanouny, A. I., Abd-Elmoty, A. K. I., El–Barody, M. A. A., Sallam, M. T., & Abd El– Hakeam, A. A. (2013). Effect of supplementation with Nigella Sativa seeds on some blood metabolites and reproductive performance of Ossimi male lambs, Egyptian Journal of Sheep and Goat Sciences, 8(1), 47-56.
Zhou, C. S., Xiao, W. J., Tan Z. L., Salem, A. Z. M., Geng, M. M., Tang, S. X., Wang, M., Han, X. F., & Kang J. H. (2012). Effects of dietary supplementation of tea saponins (Ilex kudingcha C.J. Tseng) on ruminal fermentation, digestibility and plasma antioxidant parameters in goats. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 176, 163-169. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.07.019