اثر عصاره گیاهان آنغوزه، آویشن، ریواس، بوماداران و فرفیون بر کنترل کنه واروآ (Varroa destructor) در کلنی های زنبورعسل (Apis mellifera L.)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه گیاه پزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه رازی

2 بخش تحقیقات علوم دامی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی کردستان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، سنندج، ایران

چکیده

پژوهش حاضر به­صورت آزمایش فاکتوریل و در قالب طرح پایه کاملاً تصادفی با 12 تیمار و پنج تکرار با هدف بررسی خواهش کنه­ کشی و حشره­ کشی عصاره گیاهان آنغوزه، آویشن، ریواس، بوماداران و فرفیون روی کنه واروآ و میزبان آن در کلنی­های زنبورعسل در شرایط اقلیمی استان کردستان طی سال­های 1402 الی 1404 انجام شد. تیمارها شامل غلظت­های 20 و 40 درصد عصاره گیاهان آنغوزه، آویشن، ریواس، بوماداران و فرفیون و دو تیمار شاهد (یکی به عنوان شاهد مثبت و دیگری شاهد منفی) بودند. در پژوهش حاضر از دستگاه GC-MS برای شناسایی ترکیبات شیمیایی عصاره گیاهان استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد غلظت­های مختلف عصاره همه گیاهان مورد آزمایش، فعالیت کنه­ کشی نسبتاً مطلوبی برای کنترل کنه ­واروآ نشان دادند. براساس نتایج تجزیه ­های آماری، غلظت 40 درصد عصاره گیاه آنغوزه، بیشترین تأثیر را بر درصد تلفات کنه ­واروآ در کلنی­های زنبورعسل مورد مطالعه نشان دادند به­طوری که اختلاف آن نسبت به سایر غلظت­های مختلف عصاره گیاهان مورد مطالعه معنی دار بود (01/0>P). تجزیه GC-MS نشان داد که (E) – 1 – پروپنیل sec – بوتیل دی سولفید (38/44 درصد)، (Z) – 1 – پروپنیل sec – بوتیل دی سولفید (37/38 درصد)،  n – 1 – پروپنیل sec – بوتیل دی سولفید (54/36 درصد)، گایول (99/20 درصد) و بتا پینن (69/15 درصد) به­ترتیب اجزای اصلی عصاره گیاه آنغوزه را تشکیل دادند. بر اساس یافته­ های پژوهش حاضر، تاثیر غلظت­های مختلف عصاره گیاهان مورد مطالعه بر درصد تلفات زنبورها در هیچ یک از تیمارهای آزمایشی فراتر از هشت درصد نبود. بنابراین، می­توان غلظت 40 درصد عصاره گیاه آنغوزه را به­علت داشتن تأثیر کنه­کشی مطلوب بر کنه ­ها در مطالعه حاضر به­ عنوان جایگزین مناسب کنه­ کش­های سنتتیک برای کنترل کنه ­واروآ در کلنی­های زنبورعسل پیشنهاد کرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of Ferula assa-foetida, Thymus vulgaris, Rheum persicum, Achillea millefolium, and Euphorbia serrata extracts on the control of Varroa mite (Varroa destructor) in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies

نویسندگان [English]

  • H. Gomeh 1
  • H. Vahedi 1
  • A. Rahimi 2
1 Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Agriculture and Natural Resources Campus, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
2 Animal Science Research Department, Kurdistan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Sanandaj, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Varroa mites are among the most significant parasites affecting honey bee colonies and the global beekeeping industry, causing substantial economic losses. These mites feed on the bees' fat bodies and hemolymph at various developmental stages and also spread pathogenic viruses. The recent use of chemical pesticides has resulted in mite resistance and contamination of hive products. Plant extracts are emerging as viable alternatives to chemical acaricides for controlling Varroa mites. This study aims to explore the acaricidal and insecticidal properties of extracts from Ferula assa-foetida, Thymus vulgaris, Rheum persicum, Achillea millefolium, and Euphorbia serrata against Varroa mites and their host bees in the honey bee colonies under the climatic conditions of Kurdistan province of Iran from 2022 to 2024.
Materials and methods: In April and June 2022, plants including F. assa-foetida, T. vulgaris, R. persicum, A. millefolium, and E. serrata were collected from various regions in Kermanshah province and subsequently identified. After removing waste materials, the aerial parts of these plants were dehumidified and dried separately in the shade at room temperature (28°C with 45% relative humidity). Using a shredder, the aerial parts were then crushed into powder. The plant extracts were obtained using a Soxhlet extractor with absolute ethanol as the solvent. Chemical compounds were identified through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). This study was designed as a factorial experiment (6×2) based on a completely randomized design with 12 treatments and five replications. Before bioassay experiments, the experimental bee colonies were standardized regarding queen age, population (adults and brood), and honey storage. The initial infestation of colonies with Varroa mites was assessed in both adults and brood. Sixty Langstroth colonies were used, each with a sticky white plastic sheet at the bottom. The colonies were treated at sunset with 15 ml of plant extracts at 20% and 40% concentrations when all bees were present. Every five days at 10 am, plastic sheets were removed to count dead bees and mites, after which the sheets were replaced. The acaricidal activity of different plant extract concentrations was evaluated using a well-known and recommended method. The impact of these extracts on the insecticidal activity concerning the population growth rate (adults and brood) was also assessed. Data analysis was performed using the GLM procedure in SAS 9.4, and mean comparisons were conducted using the Tukey method for least significant differences.
Results and discussion: The study results indicated that varying concentrations of plant extracts demonstrated favorable acaricidal activity in controlling the Varroa mite. Statistical analysis revealed that a 40% concentration of F. assa-foetida extract had the most significant impact on the mortality rate of Varroa mites in bee colonies, showing a statistically significant difference from other tested concentrations (P<0.01). Additionally, the insecticidal effect on bees showed that none of the extract concentrations resulted in a mortality rate exceeding eight percent in the experimental treatments. GC-MS analysis identified E-1-propenyl sec-butyl disulfide, Z-1-propenyl sec-butyl disulfide, n-propenyl sec-butyl disulfide, Guaiol, and β-pinene as the primary chemical constituents in F. assa-foetida.
Conclusions: The findings of this study indicated that the mortality rate of bees exposed to various concentrations of plant extracts did not exceed eight percent in any of the experimental treatments. Consequently, a 40% concentration of F. assa-foetida plant extract is recommended as an effective alternative to synthetic acaricides for controlling Varroa mites in honey bee colonies, owing to its favorable acaricidal properties.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Honey bee
  • Plant extract
  • Insecticidal activity
  • Acaricidal activity
  • Varroa mite

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تحقیقات تولیدات دامی
دوره 15، شماره 2
تیر 1405
صفحه 89-102

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